Swine SCF Recombinant Protein

SCF, often known as Kit Ligand, KITL or KITLG, is involved in pathways that control the regulation of cell survival, migration and proliferation, hematopoiesis, stem cell maintenance, gametogenesis, mast cell development, and melanogenesis. SCF binding to the receptor-type protein-tyrosine kinase KIT, induces a cell signaling pathway that activates several other cell signaling pathways, including PIK3R1/AKT1, GRB2, RAS, RAF1, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1, and STAT signaling events. The effects of SCF on these secondary pathways further allow it to play a role in many or the major cellular processes. The SCF, of most vertebrates, has a soluble form as well as the membrane bound type I receptor form. Mutations in the SCF pathway may result in a broad range of abnormalities including anemia, and sterility. SCF and KIT interaction has been shown to promote the growth of cancer cells and organoids in culture, and xenograft tumors in mice. SCF is being utilized in many animal model systems, from metastasis research in breast tumor-bearing arthritic mice to the genetic linkage to de-pigmentation in pigs. Interestingly, a second SCF pathway was retained in zebrafish, after a whole genome duplication, and is now undergoing divergent evolution.

Kingfisher Biotech's Swine SCF recombinant protein was produced in yeast and therefore does not have endotoxin, is naturally folded, and post-translationally modified. It has a predicted molecular weight of 18.7 kDa.

Kingfisher Biotech, Inc. is committed to accelerating basic veterinary research and human disease research done in animal models by developing and commercializing research reagents specific for a variety of species, including bovine, canine, caprine, chicken, dolphin, equine, feline, guinea pig, hamster, human, mouse, ovine, rabbit, rat, swine, and turkey. We will continue to add species as our customer request specific reagents for their research. Currently, we offer over 1200 recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and ELISA kits for animal health and animal model research. Our products are primarily cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and growth factors. Our product development queue is filled mainly by customer requests. If there is a product that you are looking for and can't find, please send us an email. 

Swine IL-28B Recombinant Protein

IL-28B, IL-28A, and IL-29 are three closely related IFN-lambda cytokines that can be induced by viral infection that induce signaling through the Jak/STAT pathway. IL-28B, and other IFN-lambda cytokines, are well established as having several antiviral and anti-cancer activities. IFN-lambda, restricts virus from spreading into the brain and plays a major role in chronic viral infections found in the gastrointestinal tract. IL-28B, like other IFN-lambda cytokines, modulates innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and tumor progression. Unlike type I IFNs, which are able to stimulate most cell types, IL-28B, along with the other IFN-lambda cytokines, stimulation appears to be limited to dendritic cells and some tumor cell lines. Due to the affect IL-28B has on the adaptive immune system, it has gained much interest as an immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of allergic asthma. The IL-28 cytokines control T cell responses in vivo through the modulation of lung CD11c(+) DC function in experimental allergic asthma animal models. IFN-lambda cytokines, including IL-28B, have been shown to interact with a heterodimeric, class II cytokine receptor that consists of the IL-10 receptor, beta (IL-10RB) and the IL-28 receptor, alpha (IL-28RA) subunits. The promiscuous IL-10RB subunit is also common to IFN-alpha/beta family members, but the IL-28RA subunit is specific for the IFN-lambda cytokines, IL-28B, IL-28A, and IL-29.

Kingfisher Biotech offers Swine IL-28B in three sizes - 5 UG, 25 UG, and 100 UG. 

New Proteins - November 2015

Kingfisher Biotech, Inc. is committed to accelerating basic veterinary research and human disease research done in animal models by developing and commercializing research reagents specific for a variety of speciesWe will continue to add species as our customer request specific reagents for their research. Currently, we offer over 1200 recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and ELISA kits for animal health and animal model research. Our products are primarily cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and growth factors. Our product development queue is filled mainly by customer requests. If there is a product that you are looking for and can't find, please send us an email.

• Feline BAFF
• Ovine IL-13
• Cynomolgus Monkey IL-2
• Swine CCL28
• Ferret IL-1 beta
• Bovine TNFSF11 (RANKL)
• Mouse CXCL11
• Caprine GM-CSF
• Ferret IL-4
• Canine Fas Ligand
• Swine CCL11
• Bovine CXCL13
• Human CCL11
• Mouse CXCL5
• Caprine CCL11
• Guinea Pig IL-17A
• Cynomolgus Monkey CCL11
• Caprine IFN gamma
• Ferret IL-17A
• Equine LIF
• Rat LIF
• Caprine LIF
• Cynomolgus Monkey LIF

Mouse CXCL5 Recombinant Protein

CXCL5 is a member of the CXC chemokine family and is also known as epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78). It is produced following stimulation of cells with the inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 and TNF-alpha. Expression of CXCL5 has also been observed in eosinophils, and can be inhibited with IFN-γ. CXCL5 stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils. CXCL5 has been shown to play a role in conditions ranging from sun burn to cystitiis and athrosclerosis. 

Kingfisher Biotech's mouse CXCL5 recombinant protein was produced in yeast so it is naturally endotoxin-free.

Emerging Roles of IL-8 in Cancer Etiology

IL-8 exerts its tumorigenic effects through both autocrine and paracrine signaling. Secretion of IL-8 by tumor cells can enhance cell survival and proliferation of the cancer cells through autocrine signaling. IL-8 also plays an important role in the tumor microenvironment, which is composed of a diverse group of cells including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. A complex network of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory molecules drives communication between the microenvironment and the malignant tumor cells (Todorovic-Rakovic and Milovanovic, 2013). Importantly, IL-8 is implicated in the initiation of leukocyte infiltration, neovascularization, and angiogenesis, all processes that precede invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. Cancer cells secrete IL-8, triggering the infiltration of leukocytes to the site of chemokine production. Leukocytes in turn secrete cytokines and growth factors promoting angiogenesis and cell survival (Gales et al., 2013). more...

Kingfisher Biotech offers many IL-8 products, including recombinant proteins, antibodies, and ELISAs.

New Products - July 2015

Kingfisher Biotech, Inc. is committed to accelerating basic veterinary research and human disease research done in animal models by developing and commercializing research reagents specific for a variety of species, including bovine, canine, caprine, chicken, dolphin, equine, feline, guinea pig, hamster, human, mouse, ovine, rabbit, rat, swine, and turkey. We have just started adding cynomolgus monkey and zebrafish products. Currently, we offer over 1200 recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and ELISA kits for animal health and animal model research. Our products are primarily cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and growth factors. Our product development queue is filled mainly by customer requests. If there is a product that you are looking for and can't find, please send us an email.

Below is a list of our newest recombinant proteins with links to website with additional information on each product.

• Swine CCL25
• Swine CX3CL1
• Swine IGF-1
• Zebrafish VEGF-A
• Canine IFN beta 1
• Ovine IFN alpha
• Cynomolgus Monkey IL-17A
• Feline IL-17A
• Rabbit VEGF-A (165 aa)
• Swine IFN omega 5

Bovine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Polyclonal Antibody Testing

Using our bovine LIF recombinant protein as the antigen, polyclonal antibodies were produced in chickens and screened for recognition of both the glycosylated and deglycosylated forms of bovine, canine, rabbit and swine LIF recombinant proteins. (Previously it was demonstrated that the Kingfisher Biotech LIF recombinant proteins were glycosylated.) The Kingfisher Biotech LIF recombinant proteins were either treated with deglycosylation enzymes or left untreated and were subsequently screened using a Western Blot. The Western Blot showed that the anti-bovine LIF polyclonal antibody recognized both the glycosylated and the deglycosylated forms of bovine (lanes 2 & 3), canine (lanes 4 & 5), rabbit (lanes 6 & 7), and swine (lanes 7 & 8) LIF recombinant proteins.

EPO and Erythropoiesis

The orchestration of a complex, hierarchical process like erythropoiesis requires the precise coordination of a host of cellular factors that work either in concert or at distinct stages of the process, to regulate effective and sufficient formation of RBCs. The principal regulator of erythropoiesis is Erythropoietin (EPO), a heavily glycosylated protein belonging to the class I cytokine family (Jelkmann, 2004). EPO exerts its effects on erythropoiesis by binding to and activating the EPOreceptor (EpoR), a high affinity receptor that is predominantly expressed on the surface of immature erythroid cells. EpoR belongs to the type I cytokine receptor family and exists as a homodimer. Upon ligand binding, EpoR, which lacks intrinsic catalytic activity, undergoes a conformational change and associates with Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2). JAK2 phosphorylates the ligand-activated EpoR, generating multiple docking sites for signaling molecules, and leading to activation of several signal transduction pathways (Watowich, 2011). While one of the earliest studied signaling pathways activated through the EPO-EpoR cascade is the Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, phosphorylated EpoR induces activation of other cellular signaling cascades including the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MAPK/ERK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase /protein kinase B (PI-3K/AKT) pathways (Ingley et al., 2004). These pathways impact erythropoiesis by temporally regulating transcription of genes involved in survival, differentiation, and cell proliferation depending on the stage of erythroid maturation. For example, survival signals are provided to CFU-E cells, the most EPO-sensitive cells amongst the erythroid progenitors, as well as to erythroblasts. The importance of EPO-EpoR signaling in erythropoiesis has been demonstrated by EPO-null and EpoR-null mouse models, which are both embryonically lethal, owing to a lack of erythropoiesis in the fetus (Wu et al., 1995). While the EPO-EpoR signaling axis serves as the central hub for erythropoiesis regulation, several other molecular signals, both extrinsic and intrinsic, are involved and serve to further fine-tune the progression of the multi-faceted process of erythropoiesis (Ingley, 2012; Ingley et al., 2004; Kuhrt and Wojchowski, 2015). more... 

Check out Kingfisher Biotech's growing portfolio of EPO products, including recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies and ELISA Kits.

Glycosylation of Bovine, Canine, Rabbit, and Swine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

Kingfisher Biotech expresses recombinant proteins in yeast so they are potentially post-translationally modified. Bovine, canine, rabbit and swine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) have calculated molecular weights of  19.8, 19.7, 19.7, and 19.7 kDa, respectively. The Kingfisher Biotech LIF recombinant proteins were treated with deglycosylation enzymes using NEB kit Protein Deglycosylation Mix  (NEB Catalog No. P6039S) to determine if the protein produced in yeast is glycosylated. The results show that all four LIF recombinant proteins shifts in molecular weight when treated with the deglycosylation enzymes; the smear of higher MW material appears to be reduced to a single band migrating with the 22/28 kDa doublet standards. The bands showing the molecular weight of the deglycosylation enzymes are also visible. This data suggests Kingfisher Biotech's bovine, canine, rabbit and swine LIF recombinant protein produced in yeast are glycosylated.

Lane	Sample	Treatment
1	Stds-PAGEgel Two-Color SDS Protein Ladder
2	Bovine LIF	Untreated
3	Bovine LIF	Denatured/Deglycosylated
4	Canine LIF	Untreated
5	Canine LIF	Denatured/Deglycosylated
6	Stds-PAGEgel Two-Color SDS Protein Ladder
7	Rabbit LIF	Untreated
8	Rabbit LIF	Denatured/Deglycosylated
9	Swine LIF	Untreated
10	Swine LIF	Denatured/Deglycosylated
11	Stds-PAGEgel Two-Color SDS Protein Ladder
12

MW of Standards: 7.6, 12, 22/28 doublet, 33, 48, 71, 96, 142, 195 kDa. 
16% Acrylamide SDS-PAGE Gel (Expedeon)

New Products - May 2015

Kingfisher Biotech, Inc. is committed to accelerating basic veterinary research and human disease research done in animal models by developing and commercializing research reagents specific for a variety of species, including bovine, canine, caprine, chicken, dolphin, equine, feline, guinea pig, hamster, human, mouse, ovine, rabbit, rat, swine, and turkey. We have just started adding cynomolgus monkey and zebrafish products. Currently, we offer over 1200 recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and ELISA kits for animal health and animal model research. Our products are primarily cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and growth factors. Our product development queue is filled mainly by customer requests. If there is a product that you are looking for and can't find, please send us an email.

Below is a list of our newest recombinant proteins and specialty products with links to website with additional information on each product.

• Zebrafish IL-10 (CSIF)
• Cynomolgus Monkey IL-6
• Cynomolgus TNF alpha
• Swine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
• Rabbit CCL3 (MIP-1 alpha)
• Canine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
• Rabbit Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
• Bovine Dendritic Cell Growth Cocktail
• Bovine Annexin V Fluorescein
• Canine Annexin V Fluorescein
• Chicken Annexin V Fluorescein
• Equine Annexin V Fluorescein
• Swine Annexin V Fluorescein

LIF Homology Across Species

Bovine, Canine Rabbit, and Swine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Recombinant Proteins are available from Kingfisher Biotech. Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is a member of the IL-6 family. LIF affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate. 

Bovine Dendritic Cell Growth Cocktail

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic cells are present in those tissues that are in contact with the external environment (e.g., skin, inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines). Once activated, dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with T cells and B cells to initiate and shape the adaptive immune response. During development Dendritic cells grow branched projections, the dendrites . CD209, also know as DC-SIGN, is exclusively expressed on dentritic cells in tissues, as well as on in vitro induced monocyte-derived-DC (MoDC).

Kingfisher Biotech now offers a Bovine Dendritic Cell Growth Cocktail - Catalog Number RPC0926B-001.

Bovine Dendritic Cell Differentiation

Bovine Dendritic Cells

Rabbit and Canine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Recombinant Proteins

Kingfisher Biotech's Rabbit and Canine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) recombinant proteins can be used in cell culture, as an LIF ELISA Standard, and as a Western Blot Control. Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is a member of the IL-6 family. LIF affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate. Leukemia inhibitory factor derives its name from its ability to induce the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells, thus preventing their continued growth. Other properties attributed to LIF include: the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation. p53 regulated LIF has been shown to facilitate implantation in the mouse model and possibly in humans. Removal of LIF pushes stem cells toward differentiation, but they retain their proliferative potential or pluripotency. LIF is typically added to stem cell culture medium to reduce spontaneous differentiation.

Kingfisher Biotech's LIF recombinant proteins are intended for use in animal model and animal health research. Our portfolio includes bovine, canine, and rabbit Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) recombinant proteins. We will be adding Swine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) recombinant protein soon.

New Recombinant Proteins - April 2015

Kingfisher Biotech, Inc. is committed to accelerating basic veterinary research and human disease research done in animal models by developing and commercializing research reagents specific for a variety of species, including bovine, canine, caprine, chicken, dolphin, equine, feline, guinea pig, hamster, human, mouse, ovine, rabbit, rat, swine, and turkey. We will continue to add species as our customer request specific reagents for their research. Currently, we offer over 1200 recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and ELISA kits for animal health and animal model research. Our products are primarily cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and growth factors. Our product development queue is filled mainly by customer requests. If there is a product that you are looking for and can't find, please send us an email.

Below is a list of our newest proteins with links to website with additional information on each protein.

• Canine CX3CL1 (Fractalkine)
• Chicken CX3CL1 (Fractalkine)
• Ovine IL-2
• Dolphin IL-6
• Bovine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)
• Canine IL-4
• Equine CD40 Ligand
• Mouse CCL5
• Chicken CCL5
• Equine CCL4
• Canine CCL3
• Rabbit GM-CSF

IFN gamma Recombinant Proteins - Bovine, Canine, Chicken, Dolphin, Equine, Feline, Human, Mouse, Ovine, Rabbit, and Swine

Bovine, Canine, Chicken, Dolphin, Equine, Feline, Human, Mouse, Ovine, Rabbit, and Swine IFN gamma Recombinant Proteins

IFN-gamma, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control. Aberrant IFN-gamma expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFN-gamma in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, but, most important, derives from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFN-gamma is produced predominantly by natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops.

Kingfisher Biotech offers bovine, canine, chicken, dolphin, equine, feline, human, mouse, ovine, rabbit, and swine IFN gamma recombinant proteins. Our proteins are produced in yeast, making them naturally endotoxin-free - perfect for cell culture applications. 

IFN gamma Homology Across Species

Deglycosylation of Bovine IL-6 (RP0014B)

Kingfisher Biotech expresses recombinant proteins in yeast so they are potentially post-translationally modified. Bovine IL-6 has a calculated molecular weight of 20.6 kDa. The Kingfisher Biotech Bovine IL-6 (RP0014B) recombinant protein was treated with deglycosylation enzymes using NEB kit Protein Deglycosylation Mix  (NEB Catalog No. P6039S) to determine if the protein produced in yeast is glycosylated. The results show that Bovine IL-6 shifts in molecular weight when treated with the deglycosylation enzymes; the smear of higher MW material appears to be reduced to a single band migrating with the 22/28 kDa doublet standards. The bands showing the molecular weight of the deglycosylation enzymes are also visible. This data suggests Kingfisher Biotech's Bovine IL-6 recombinant protein produced in yeast is glycosylated.

Lane	Sample
1	Standards-PAGE gel Two-Color SDS Protein Ladder
2	Bovine IL-6 KFB RP0014B-025 - untreated
3	Bovine IL-6 KFB RP0014B-025 - denatured
4	Bovine IL-6 KFB RP0014B-025 - denatured and deglycosylated
5	Standards-PAGE gel Two-Color SDS Protein Ladder

MW of Standards: 7.6, 12, 22/28 doublet, 33, 48, 71, 96, 142, 195 kDa. 
16% Acrylamide SDS-PAGE Gel (Expedeon)

Bovine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Recombinant Protein

Kingfisher Biotech's Bovine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) recombinant protein can be used in cell culture, as an LIF ELISA Standard, and as a Western Blot Control. Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, is a member of the IL-6 family. LIF affects cell growth by inhibiting differentiation. When LIF levels drop, the cells differentiate. Leukemia inhibitory factor derives its name from its ability to induce the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells, thus preventing their continued growth. Other properties attributed to LIF include: the growth promotion and cell differentiation of different types of target cells, influence on bone metabolism, cachexia, neural development, embryogenesis and inflammation. p53 regulated LIF has been shown to facilitate implantation in the mouse model and possibly in humans. Removal of LIF pushes stem cells toward differentiation, but they retain their proliferative potential or pluripotency. LIF is typically added to stem cell culture medium to reduce spontaneous differentiation.Kingfisher Biotech's Bovine Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) recombinant protein is intended for use in animal model and animal health research.

CCL5 Recombinant Proteins - Bovine, Canine, Chicken, Equne, Guinea Pig, Human, Mouse, Swine

RANTES/CCL5 recombinant proteins can be used in cell culture, as an RANTES/CCL5 ELISA Standard, and as a Western Blot Control. CCL5, also know as RANTES (regulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted) is a member of the C-C Chemokine Family. There are at least 27 distinct members of the C-C subgroup reported for mammals. RANTES (CCL5) is chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils, and basophils, and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. CCL5 plays a role in many disease states, including rheumatoid arthritis, HIV, and cancer. CCL5/RANTES recombinant proteins are intended for use in animal model and animal health research.

Bovine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0062B-025	25 ug
Bovine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0062B-005	5 ug
Canine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0454D-025	25 ug
Canine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0454D-005	5 ug
Chicken CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0982C-025	25 ug
Chicken CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0982C-005	5 ug
Equine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0070E-025	25 ug
Equine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0070E-005	5 ug
Guinea Pig CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0348GP-025	25 ug
Guinea Pig CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0348GP-005	5 ug
Human CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0983H-025	25 ug
Human CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0983H-005	5 ug
Mouse CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0984M-025	25 ug
Mouse CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0984M-005	5 ug
Swine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 100 micrograms	RP0059S-100	100 ug
Swine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 25 micrograms	RP0059S-025	25 ug
Swine CCL5 (RANTES) Recombinant Protein - 5 micrograms	RP0059S-005	5 ug

sCD40 Ligand - Canine, Chicken, Equine, & Swine Recombinant Proteins

CD40 Ligand (CD40LG) is a transmembrane protein that is a member of the TNF superfamily. In addition to existing in a membrane bound form, CD40LG can also be released as a soluble molecule (sCD40LG), which has been shown to have biological functions.

CD40 interacts with CD40 ligand (aka CD40LG, TNFSF5 or CD154), which is predominantly expressed on activated CD4+ T-cells. CD40LG is transiently expressed on activated T-cells and plays a crucial role in B-cell function. Activated T-cells expressing CD40LG can also interact with CD40 on endothelial cells to induce production of inflammatory cytokines. The transient expression of CD40LG allows T-cells to stimulate selected CD40-bearing cells to participate in the immune response. Increased levels of sCD40LG have been measured in patients with SLE, RA, inflammatory bowel diseases, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren's syndrome. In culture, canine sCD40LG was shown to promote the maturation and activation of canine monocyte derived Dendritic cells. Kingfisher Biotech now offers canine, chicken, equine, and swine sCD40 Ligand recombinant proteins. The soluble CD40LG recombinant proteins can be used in cell culture, as an CD40LG ELISA Standard, and as a Western Blot Control and are intended for use in animal model and animal health research.